When Only One B-17 Came Home



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The birth of the moniker the Bloody 100th came about on October 10th 1943. It was the third day of daily bombing raids of US forces against German targets. The 100th Bomb Group led by Major John Eagan took off and assembled into formation. The last plane in the formation was the most vulnerable and known as “tail-end Charlie”. On this mission that misfortune fell to a plane called the Royal Flush. It was piloted by young officer Lieutenant Robert Rosenthal. 13 planes took off and only one would return. How could the most vulnerable of the planes in the worst position make it’s way home on that day?

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00:00 100th plan to hit Munster
02:35 Where are the fighters?
03:25 Enemies arrive
04:19 M’lle Zig Zag is hit
07:10 Finish off the B-17 lead
07:40 Bail out
09:17 Royal Flush gets bombs away
10:15 German planes attack the last B-17
11:28 6 new German Fighters
13:48 Royal Flush returns to base
14:53 The ‘Bloody’ 100th bomb group

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21 Comments

  1. My father's plane was shot down during this mission. He spent two years at the Kaiser's pleasure in Stalag Luft 1. Liberated by the Russians at the end of the war. Lots of stories.

  2. I'm honestly glad they failed. They weren't even bombing military targets, they were specifically bombing civilians and cultural landmarks. I don't care what side they were on those were not lawful orders.

  3. Here we go again with the American heroic epic: 13 bombers take off, twelve are lost, only Rosenthal’s “Royal Flush” returns, and the Germans are presented as an apparently overwhelming force. An impressive feat of flying? Certainly. But why is the same dramatic attention not given to what was actually attacked on October 10, 1943, and what happened on the ground?

    The 13 B-17s of the 100th Bomb Group were not 13 isolated Americans facing the entire German Luftwaffe. They were only part of a much larger American attacking force of around 230 bombers over Münster. The German fighters were defending their own airspace against a strategic bombing offensive that had penetrated deep into Germany. Cutting that larger picture down to “13 against hundreds of Germans” creates a wonderful David-versus-Goliath myth, but not a complete picture of the actual balance of forces.

    Even more important is the target. Münster’s city centre was deliberately attacked. The inner city was heavily devastated, the cathedral and other churches were hit, and entire rows of houses were destroyed. According to Münster sources, 473 civilians and almost 200 soldiers were killed; prisoners of war and forced labourers are not even fully included in those figures. American accounts also report that the briefing referred to the homes of the working population and that the cathedral steps were designated as an aiming point. And this took place on a Sunday around midday.

    It is precisely at this point that the otherwise highly detailed heroic narrative suddenly becomes remarkably quiet.

    This was not merely a morally uncomfortable issue. It was also highly problematic under the laws of war. The laws of war at the time already recognised protections for civilians and for certain civilian, religious and cultural objects. The Hague Rules of Air Warfare of 1923 explicitly stated that attacks intended to terrorise the civilian population and the bombing of non-military objectives should be prohibited. Those rules were never formally ratified as a treaty, but they reflected important principles already relevant to the law of aerial warfare at the time. A strategy in which residential areas and civilian morale themselves became part of the targeting concept cannot simply be cleansed morally by attaching the label “military necessity” to it.

    And this is also where a major difference disappears from these American narratives: the German Luftwaffe was built primarily for operational and tactical air warfare, meaning support for ground forces and attacks on enemy troops, transport routes, supply lines and military targets. Germany also carried out strategic bombing raids and bombed cities. That must not be concealed. But it did not possess a strategic bomber force remotely comparable to RAF Bomber Command or the American fleets of B-17s and B-24s.

    Britain and the United States, by contrast, developed strategic bombing into an independent form of warfare on an industrial scale: large fleets of heavy long-range bombers, systematic attacks deep behind enemy lines, area bombing, “dehousing,” and bombing policies in which breaking civilian morale was at times an explicit objective.

    That is why this presentation feels so distorted: we see the brave American pilot, the twelve lost aircraft and the supposedly overwhelming German defence. What we barely see are the hundreds of American bombers involved in the overall attack, the German fighter force acting as the defender of its own airspace, and above all the people of Münster, over whose heads this “heroic epic” was taking place.

    None of this requires denying Rosenthal’s courage. Personal bravery can be entirely real. But personal bravery does not automatically make the mission itself morally or legally clean.

    And that is exactly why history should not be told exclusively from the cockpit of the victor.

    Anyone who calls German bombing raids terror or barbarism must apply the same standard to Allied attacks. The differences must be examined carefully, but the flag painted on the bomber must not determine whether we call a devastated city centre “barbarism” or suddenly relabel it “military necessity.”

    The heroic achievement of an individual airman can be true while the story built around it is still highly selective.

    Do not look only at the bomber that came home. Look at the city over which it dropped its bombs.

    Anything else is heroic mythology instead of complete history.

    Shameful.

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